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The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran ((ペルシア語:چالدران); (トルコ語:Çaldıran)) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq for the first time from Safavid Iran.〔Ira M. Lapidus. ("A History of Islamic Societies" ) Cambridge University Press ISBN 1139991507 p 336〕 Despite brief Iranian reconquerings over the course of the centuries by the Safavids as well as by successive Iranian states, the Ottomans would manage by the next bout of hostilities, the 1532-1555 war to fully conquer most the same territories annexed in the Chaldiran battle. By the Chaldiran war, the Ottomans as well gained temporary control of northwestern Iran. The battle, however, was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war and merely one of the many phases of the Ottoman-Persian Wars, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Ottomans generally had the upper hand, but the Persians for the most part held their ground. Safavid losses in Shia-dominated metropolitan regions of Persia, such as Luristan and Kermanshah, proved temporary, being quickly recovered from the Ottomans, but important Persian cities such as Tabriz were often the target of destructive Ottoman raids. An exception was Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia) which although eventually taken back, they would be permanently lost to the Ottomans by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab. At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 200,000, while the Qizilbash Turcomans numbered some 40,000 to 80,000. Shah Ismail I, who was wounded and almost captured in the battle, retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration〔Moojan Momen, ''An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism'', (Yale University Press, 1985), 107.〕 after his wives were captured by Selim I,〔''The Cambridge History of Iran'', ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 224〕 with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen.〔Leslie P. Peirce, ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire'', (Oxford University Press, 1993), 37.〕 The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible,〔''The Cambridge History of Iran'', ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 359.〕 but it also fully defined the Ottoman-Safavid borders for a short time with the Ottomans gaining northwestern Iran, and led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.〔Martin Sicker, ''The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna'', (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.〕 ==Background== After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Shia Qizilbash, who had sided with other members of the Dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II. Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of Shah Isma'il leader of the Shia Safavids, and by some of his supporters believed to be family of the Prophet. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics" enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country.〔Caroline Finkel, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2006), 104. .〕 In response, Shah Isma'il accused Sultan Selim of aggression against fellow Muslims, violating religious sexual rules and shedding innocent blood.〔Caroline Finkel, ''Osman's Dream'', 105.〕 When Selim started his march east, the Safavids were invaded in the east by the Uzbek state recently brought to prominence by Abu 'I-Fath Muhammad, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. To avoid the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a scorched earth policy against Selim in the west.〔Caroline Finkel, ''Osman's Dream'', 105〕 The terrain of eastern Anatolia and the Caucuses is extremely rough and combined with the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign while marching against Muslims, Selim's army was discontented. The Janissaries even fired their muskets at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran, he quickly moved to engage Isma'il in part to stifle the discontent of his army.〔Caroline Finkel, ''Osman's Dream'', 106.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Chaldiran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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